Beatrix Séllei – Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/EMAN.2021.241
5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times, Online/Virtual, March 18, 2021, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS published by: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia; ISBN 978-86-80194-43-1, ISSN 2683-4510
Abstract:
Although emotionally resonant leadership is widely known, higher education doesn’t focus
on the development of emotional-social competencies of students. In this paper, the author presents the
positive psychological profile of management and economics students and suggests renewing higher
education. Data came from the 1st semester of economics and management students (n=826). Students
in each year have a homogenous profile. They are extroverted, with an interesting positive psychological
profile. Based on their emotional profile, students are good in many intrapersonal emotional intelligence
factors, interpersonal skills, or mood. But, they have lower scores in stress-related emotional
competencies. Their relatively low Grit score shows that they are likely to lose focus, although this is
one key to work-flow and longtime perseverance.
Based on this study, universities can provide better facilities that focus near the hard competencies
on soft skills as well – the labor market needs managers with high social and emotional competencies.
Keywords:
Emotional intelligence, Higher education, Positive psychology.
REFERENCES
Adner, R., Helfat, C.E. (2003): Corporate effects and dynamic managerial capabilities. Strategic
Management Journal, 24(10), 1011– 1025. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.331
Arnaud, A., Sekerka L.E. (2010): Positively ethical: The establishment of innovation in support
of sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Strategic Management, 2(2), 121-137.
10.1504/IJSSM.2010.032556
Ashkanasy, N.M., Humphrey, R.H. (2011): A multi-level view of leadership and emotion: Leading
with emotional labor. In: Bryman, A., Collinson, D., Grint K., Jackson, B., Uhl-Bien, M. (eds):
The SAGE Handbook of leadership. Los Angeles, SAGE Publications Ltd. (pp. 365-379.)
Ashkanasy, N. M., Humphrey, R. H., & Huy, Q. N. (2017). Integrating emotions and affect in theories
of management. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 175–189. 10.5465/amr.2016.0474
Bar-On, R. (1997a): The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence.
Multi-Health Systems, Inc.: Toronto, Canada.
Bar-On, R. (1997b): The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Multi-Health
Systems, Inc.: Toronto, Canada.
Bar-On, R. (2004): The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Rationale, description and
psychometric properties. In Geher, G. (Ed.) Measuring emotional intelligence: Common
ground and controversy. Hauppauge, Nova Science: New York, USA.
Bar-On, R. (2006): The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psichothema, 18(1),
13-25.
Becker, D., Marecek, J. (2008): Dreaming the American dream: individualism and positive psychology.
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5), 1767-1780. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1751-9004.2008.00139.x
Boddy, D., Patton, R., MacDonald, S. (1995): Competence-based management awards in higher education.
Management and Learning, 26(2), 179-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050769502600203
Boyatzis, R.E. (2008): Competencies in the 21st century. Journal of Management Development,
27(1), 5-12. 10.1108/02621710810840730
Bryan, C., O’Shea, D., MacIntire, T. (2019): Stressing the relevance of resilience: A systematic
review of resilience across domains of sport and work. International Review of Sport and
Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 70-111. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2017.1381140
Butler, J., Kern, M.L. (2016): The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing.
International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
Cameron, K. (2011): Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 98,
25-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1023-6
Carmeli, A. (2003): The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior
and outcomes: an examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology,
18(8), 788-813. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310511881
Cardon, M.S., Sudek, R., Mitteness, C. (2009): The impact of perceived entrepreneurial passion
on angel investing. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 29(2), 1. 10.5465/AMBPP.
2009.44244277
Caruso, D.R., Salovey, P. (2004): The Emotionally Intelligent Manager. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco,
California, USA.
Caruso, D.R., Wolfe, C.J. (2001): Emotional intelligence in the workplace. In Ciarrochi, J., Forgas,
J., Mayer, J.D. (eds): Emotional intelligence in everyday life. London: Psychology Press. (pp.
150-167.)
Chodkiewicz, A.R., Boyle, C. (2016): Positive psychology school-based interventions: A reflection
on current success and future directions. Educational Review, 5(1), 60-86. 10.1002/rev3.3080
Collewaert, V., Anseel, F., Crommerlinck, M., DeBeuckelaer, A., Vermeire, J. (2016): When passion
fades: Disentangling the temporal dynamics of entrepreneurial passion for founding. Journal
of Management Studies, 53(6), 966– 995. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12193
Datu, J.A.D. (2018): Flourishing is associated with higher academic achievement and engagement in
Filipino undergraduate and high school students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(1), 27-39.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9805-2
Dietz, J., Kleinlogel, E.P. (2013): Wage cuts and managers’ empathy: How a positive emotion can
contribute to positive organizational ethics in difficult times. Journal of Business Ethics,
119(4), 461-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1836-6
Duckworth, A.K., Quinn, P.D. (2009): Development and Validation of the Short Grit Scale (Grit–S).
Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223890802634290
Dutton, J., Glynn, M., Spreitzer, G. (2006): Positive organizational scholarship. In. Greenhaus, J.,
Callanan, G. (eds.): Encyclopedia of career development. (pp. 642-645.) Thousand Oaks, CA.
SAGE Publications Inc.
Goleman, D. (1998): Working with Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books, New York.
Goleman, D. (2001): An EI-based theory of performance. In Cherniss, C., Goleman, D. (eds) The
Emotionally Intelligent Workplace. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. (pp. 27–44.)
Elfenbein, H. A. (2007): Emotion in organizations: A review and theoretical integration. Academy
of Management Annals, 1, 371– 457.
Eysenck, H.J., Eysenck, S.B.G. (1964): Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. University of
London Press: London, UK.
Eysenck, H.J., Eysenck, S.B.G. (1975): Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Junior
and Adult). Hodder & Stoughton: London, UK.
Eysenck, H.J., Eysenck, S.B.G. (1991): Manual of the Eysenck Personality Scales. Hodder &
Stoughton: London, UK.
Field, R., Duffy, J., Huggins, A. (2015): Teaching independent learning skills in the first year: A positive
psychology strategy for promoting law students well-being. Journal of Learning Design,
8(2), 1. 10.5204/jld.v8i2.238
Field, R., Duffy, J. Huggins, A. (2014): Lawyering and positive professional identities. Chatswood
Australia, LexisNexis Butterworths.
Fineman, S. (1997): Emotion and Management Learning. Management Learning, 18(1), 13-25.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507697281002
Gallup (2014): Great jobs, great lives. https://www.gallup.com/services/176768/2014-gallup-purdue-
index-report.aspx
Forsman, A.K., Wahlbeck, K., Aaro, L.E., Alonso, J., Barry, M.M., Brunn, M. et al. (2015): Research
priorities for public mental health in Europe. Recommendations of the ROAMER project. The
European Journal of Public Health, 25(2), 249-254. 10.1093/eurpub/cku232
Ganotice, F.A., Datu, J.A.D., King, R.B. (2016): Which emotional profiles exhibit the best learning
outcomes? A person-centered analysis of students’ academic emotions. School Psychology
International, 37(5), 498-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034316660147
Gardner, W.L., Fischer, D., Hunt, J.G. (2009): Emotional labor and leadership: A threat to authenticity?
The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 466-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.011
George, J.M. (2000): Emotions and leadership: the role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations,
53(8), 1027-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700538001
Gielnik, M., Spitzmuller, M., Schmitt, A., Klemann, D., & Frese, M. (2015): “I put in effort, therefore
I am passionate”: Investigating the path from effort to passion in entrepreneurship. Academy
of Management Journal, 58(4), 1012– 1031. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0727
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2002): Primal leadership: Realizing the power of emotional
intelligence. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
Grant, L., Kinman, G. (2014): Emotional resilience in the helping profession and how it can be enhanced.
Health and Social Care Education, 3(1), 23-34. 10.11120/hsce.2014.00040
Gunnarsdottír, H.M. (2016): Autonomy and emotion management: Middle managers in welfare
positions during radical organizational change. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 6(1),
87-108. https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v6i1.4887
Helfat, C., Martin, J. (2015): Dynamic managerial capabilities: Review and assessment of managerial
impact on strategic change. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1281– 1312. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0149206314561301
Hochschild, A.R. (2003): The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkley CA:
University of California Press.
Horn, A.B., Pössel, P., Hautzinger, M. (2011): Promoting adaptive emotion regulation and coping
in adolescence: a school-based programme. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(2), 258-273.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310372814
Humphrey, R.H., Pollack, J.M., Hawver, T. (2003): Leading with emotional labor. Journal of Managerial
Psychology, 23(2), 151-168. 10.1108/02683940810850790
Huy, Q.N. (1999): Emotional capability, emotional intelligence, and radical change. Academy of
Management Review, 24(2), 325-345. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1893939
Huy, Q., Zott, C. (2019): Exploring the affective underpinnings of dynamic managerial capabilities:
How managers’ emotion regulation behaviors mobilize resources for their firms. Strategic
Management Journal, 40(1), 28-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2971
Jaeger, A. (2003): Job competencies and the curriculum: An inquiry into emotional intelligence in
graduate professional education. Research in Higher Education, 44(6), 615-639. https://doi.
org/10.1023/A:1026119724265
John, J. (2009): Study on the Nature of Impact of Soft Skills Training Programme on the Soft Skills
Development of Management Students. Pacific Business Review, pp. 19-27. https://ssrn.com/
abstract=1591331
Kafetsios, K, Maridaki-Kassotaki, A., Zammuner, V.L, Zampetakis, L.A., Vouza, F. (2009): Emotional
intelligence abilities and traits in different career paths. Journal of Career Assessment,
17(4), 367-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072709334233
Kaplan, S., Cortina, J., Ruark, G., LaPort, K., Nivolaides, V. (2014): The role of organizational
leaders in employee emotion management: A theoretical model. The Leadership Quarterly,
25(3), 563– 580. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.015
Kashdan, T.B., Ciarrochi, J. (2013): Mindfulness, acceptance and positive psychology. The seven
foundations of well-being. Oakland: Context Press.
Keltner, D., Haidt, J. (2001): Social functions of emotions. In: Mayne, T.J., Bonanno, G.A. (eds.):
Emotions: Current Issues and Future Directions. Guilford, New York, NY, USA. (pp. 192–
213.)
Koman, E.S., Wolff, S.B. (2008): Emotional intelligence competencies in the team and team leader:
A multi-level examination of the impact of emotional intelligence on team performance.
Journal of Management Development 27(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810840767
Kotera, Y., Green, P., Sheffield, D. (2021): Positive psychology for mental wellbeing of UK therapeutic
students: Relationships with engagement, motivation, resilience and self-compassion.
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-
00466-y
Kotsou, I., Nelis, D., Grégoire, J., Mikolajczak, M. (2011): Emotional plasticity: Conditions and
effects of improving emotional competence in adulthood. The Journal of Applied Psychology,
96(4), 827-839. 10.1037/a0023047
Larson, L.M., Wei, M., Wu, T.F., Borgen, F.H., Bailye, D.C. (2007): Discriminating among educational
majors and career aspirations in Taiwanese undergraduates: The contribution of personality
and self-efficacy. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 54, 395-408.
Lopes, P.N., Cóté, S., Grewal, D., Kadis, J., Gall, M., Salovey, P. (2006): Evidence that emotional
intelligence is related to job performance and affect and attitudes at work. Psichothema, 18(1),
132–138.
Low, G.R., Nelson, D.R. (2006): Emotional Intelligence and College Success: A Research based
Assessment and Intervention Model. Center for Education Development and Evaluation Research
(CEDER), Kingsville, TX, USA.
Malott, R.W. (2003): What OBM needs is more Jewish mothers. Journal of Organizational Behavior
Management, 22(2), 71-87. 10.1300/J075v22n02_07
Marcos-Jorquera, D., Pertegal-Felices, M.L, Jimeno-Morenilla, A., Gilar-Corbí, R. (2017): An interdisciplinary
practical for multimedia engineering students. IEEE Transactions on Education,
60(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2016.2566606
Marks, L.I., Wade, J.C. (2015): Positive psychology on campus: Creating the conditions of well-being
and success. About Campus, 19(6), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/abc.21174
Martin, A.J. (2004): The role of positive psychology in enhancing satisfaction, motivation and productivity
in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 24(1-2), 113-10.1300/J075v24n01_07
Martin, A.J, (2009): Motivation and engagement across the academic life span: a developmental
construct validity study of elementary school, high school, and university/college students.
Educational and Psychological Management, 69(5), 794-824. 10.1177/0013164409332214
Martin, A.J., Marsh, HW. (2003): Academic resilience and the four Cs: Capacity, control, composure,
and commitment. ARE/NZRE Conference, Auckland, New Zealand
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. (1997): What is emotional intelligence? in Salovey, P., Sluyter, D. (eds):
Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Applications. Basic Books,
Nueva York. (pp. 3–31.)
Mikolajczak, M. (2009): Going beyond the ability-trait debate: The three-level model of emotional
intelligence. Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology, 5(2), 25-31. 10.7790/ejap.v5i2.175
Miles, J., Hempel, S. (2003): The Eysenck Personality Scales: The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-
Revised (EPQ-R) and the Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP). In: Hilsenroth, M.J., Segal,
D.L. (eds): Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Volume 2: Personality
Assessment. Jon Wiley & Sons. (pp. 99-107.)
Min, M.C., Islam, M.N., Wang, L., Takai, J. (2018): Cross-cultural comparison of university students’
emotional competence in Asia. Current Psychology, 40, 200-212. 10.1007/S12144-018-
9918-3
Ministers of Education of the European Union (1999): The joint declaration about the European
higher education area. In: Proceedings of the Bologna Convention of 19th of June 1999, Bologna,
Italy.
Nelis, D., Kotsou, I., Quoidbach, J., Hansenne, M., Weytens, F., Dupuis, P., Mikolajczak, M. (2011):
Increasing emotional competence improves psychological and physical well-being, social relationships
and employability. Emotion, 11(2), 354-366. 10.1037/a0021554
Ng., W. (2015): Boosting well-being with positive psychology interventions: moderating role of personality
and other factors. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 45(2), 79-87. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10879-014-9291-y
Parker, J.D., Summerfeldt, L.J., Hogan, M.J., Majeski, S.A. (2004): Emotional intelligence and academic
success: examining the transition from high school to university. Personality and Individual
Differences, 36(1), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2803%2900076-X
Parks, A.C. (2011): The state of positive psychology in higher education: Introduction to the special
issue. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(6), 429-431. 10.1080/17439760.2011.637729
Pavlovich, K., Krahnke, K. (2012): Empathy, connectedness, and organisation. Journal of Business
Ethics, 105(1), 131-137. 10.1007/s10551-011-0961-3
Pertegal-Felices, M.L., Castejón-Costa, J.L., Jimeno-Morilla, A. (2014): Differences between the
personal, social and emotional profiles of teaching and computer engineering professionals
and students. Studies in Higher Education, 39(7), 1185-1201. https://doi.org/10.1080/0307507
9.2013.777410
Pertegal-Felices, M.L., Marcos-Jorquera, D., Gilar-Corbí, R., Jimeno-Morenilla, A. (2017): Development
of Emotional Skills through Interdisciplinary Practices Integrated into a University
Curriculum. Educational Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6089859 12 p.
Rao, M.S. (2011): Soft skills – Enhancing employability: Connecting campus with corporate. IK
International Publishing House, New Delhi.
Rao, M.S. (2014): Enhancing employability in engineering and management students through soft
skills. Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(1), 42-28. 0.1108/ICT-04-2013-0023
Ryan, R., Deci, E. (2000): Self-Determination Theory and facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social
development and wellbeing. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R., Deci, E. (2008): Self-Determination Theory and the role of basic psychological needs
in personality and organizational behavior. In John, O.P., Robins, R.W., Pervinm L.A. (eds):
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (3rd ed). Guilford Press, New York. (pp. 654-
678.)
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. (1990): Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3),
185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
Sánchez-Ruiz, M.J., Pérez-González, J.C., Petrides, K.V. (2010): Trait emotional intelligence profiles
of students from different university faculties. Australian Journal of Psychology, 62(1), 51-57.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530903312907
Sekerka, L.E, Bagozzi, R.P. (2007): Moral courage in the workplace: Moving to and from the
desire and decision to act. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(2), 132-149. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00484.x
Seligman, M., Steen, T.A., Park, N. Peterson, C. (2005): Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation
of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-
066X.60.5.410
Séllei, B., Stumphauser, N., Molontay, R. (2021): Traits versus Grades: The Incremental Predictive
Power of Positive Psychological Factors over Pre-Enrollment Achievement Measures on Academic
Performance. Applied Sciences, 11(4). 1744. DOI: 10.3390/app11041744
Shek, D.T., Sun, R.C., Chui Y.T. (2012): Development and evaluation of a positive youth development
course for university students in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/263731
Short, E., Kinman, G., Baker, S. (2010): Evaluating the impact of a peer coaching intervention on
well-being amongst psychology undergraduate students. International Coaching Psychology
Review, 5(1), 27–35.
Stein, S.J., Papadogiannis, P., Yip, J.A., Sitarenios, G. (2009): Emotional intelligence of leaders: a
profile of top executives. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 30(1), 87-101.
https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730910927115
Stenholm, P., Renko, M. (2016): Passionate bricoleurs and new venture survival. Journal of Business
Venturing, 31(5), 595– 611. 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.05.004
Stoffel, J.M., Pharm, D., Cain, J. (2018): Review of Grit and Resilience Literature within Health Professions
Education. American Journal of Pharmacology Education., 82(2): 6150. doi: 10.5688/
ajpe6150
Tobin, P. (2006): Managing ourselves – Leading others. ICEL 2006, Inspiring leadership: experimental
learning and leadership development, 2. 36-42.
Vella-Broderick, D.A. (2011): Positive psychology: reflecting on the past and projecting into the
future. InPsych: The Bulletin of Australian Psychological Society Ltd., 33(2), 10-13.
Vernon, P.A., Villani, V.C., Schermer, J.A., Petrides, K.V. (2008): Phenotypic and genetic associations
between the Big Five and trait emotional intelligence. Twin Research and Human Genetics,
11(5), 524-530. 10.1375/twin.11.5.524
Wiegand, D. M., & Geller, E. S. (2004). Connecting Positive Psychology and Organizational Behavior
Management: Achievement Motivation and the Power of Positive Reinforcement. Journal of
Organizational Behavior Management, 24(1-2), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1300/J075v24n01_02